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(詳細はthe re-recreation of the independent Polish state in 1918, until the joint Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 at the onset of World War II. The two decades of Poland's sovereignty between the world wars are known as the Interbellum. Poland re-emerged in November 1918 after more than a century of partitions by Austria-Hungary, the German, and the Russian Empires.〔Mieczysław Biskupski. ''The history of Poland''. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2000. p. 51.〕〔Norman Davies. ''Heart of Europe: The Past in Poland's Present''. Oxford University Press. 2001. pp. 100-101.〕〔Piotr S. Wandycz. ''The Lands of Partitioned Poland 1795-1918.'' University of Washington Press. 1974. p. 368.〕 Its independence was confirmed by the victorious powers through the Treaty of Versailles of June 1919,〔According to Margaret MacMillan, "The rebirth of Poland was one of the great stories of the Paris Peace Conference." Margaret MacMillan, ''Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World'' (2001, p. 208〕 and most of the territory won in a series of border wars fought from 1918 to 1921.〔 Poland's frontiers were settled in 1922 and internationally recognized in 1923.〔Mieczysław B. Biskupski. ''The origins of modern Polish democracy''. Ohio University Press. 2010. p. 130.〕〔Richard J. Crampton. ''Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century''. Routledge. 1997. p. 101.〕 The Polish political scene was democratic, but was chaotic until Józef Piłsudski (1867–1935) seized power in May 1926 and democracy ended. The policy of Agrarianism led to the redistribution of lands to peasants and the country achieved significant economic growth between 1921 and 1939. A third of the population consisted of minorities—Ukrainians, Jews, Belorussians and Germans—who were either hostile towards the existence of the Polish state because of the lack of privileges or often discriminated against in the case of Ukrainians and Belorussians who faced Polonization. There were treaties that supposedly protected them but the government in Warsaw wasn't interested in their enforcement.〔Aviel Roshwald, ''Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia, 1914-23'' (2000) p 164〕 ==Formative years (1918-1921)== The independence of Poland had been successfully promoted to the Allies in Paris by Roman Dmowski and Ignacy Paderewski. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson made the independence of Poland a war goal in his Fourteen Points, and this goal was endorsed by the Allies in spring 1918. As part of the Armistice terms imposed on Germany, all German forces had to stand down in Poland and other occupied areas. So as the war ended, the Germans sent Piłsudski, then under arrest, back to Warsaw. On November 11, 1918, he took control from the puppet government the Germans had set up. Ignacy Daszyński headed a short-lived Polish government in Lublin from November 6 but Piłsudski had overwhelming prestige at this point. Daszyński and the other Polish leaders acknowledged him as head of the army and in effect head of what became the Republic of Poland. Germany, now defeated, followed the terms of the Armistice and withdrew its forces. Paderewski became the first prime minister (in early 1919) and Dmowsky headed the largest party.〔''A Concise History of Poland'', by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki, p. 217-222〕 From its inception: the Republic fought a series of wars to secure its boundaries. The nation was rural and poor; the richest areas were in the former German areas in the west. Industrialization came very slowly, and was promoted in the mid-1930s with the development of the Central Industrial District. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Poland (1918–39)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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